Bipolar II Disorder

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by recurrent hypomanic and major depressive episodes, without the occurrence of full-blown manic episodes. Etiological factors include genetic vulnerability, neurobiological dysregulation of limbic and cortical circuits, and environmental stressors. Clinically, patients exhibit periods of elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and impulsivity during hypomania, interspersed with major depressive episodes causing significant functional impairment. Diagnosis requires detailed psychiatric evaluation, documentation of mood episodes over time, and exclusion of substance-induced mood disturbances. Management incorporates mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and close monitoring for progression to bipolar I disorder. Prognosis is generally favorable with adherence to treatment, though depressive episodes may be more frequent and debilitating than hypomanic episodes.