Bipolar I Disorder

Bipolar I disorder is a mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, often accompanied by depressive episodes. Etiology involves complex interactions of genetic predisposition, dysregulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission, and structural and functional brain abnormalities, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Clinically, manic episodes present with elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, distractibility, and impulsive or risky behavior. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive psychiatric assessment, longitudinal history, and exclusion of substance-induced or secondary causes of mood elevation. Management is multifaceted, including mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproate), atypical antipsychotics, and psychotherapy aimed at relapse prevention and functional restoration. Prognosis depends on early recognition, adherence to treatment, and comorbid condition management, with risk of recurrence remaining high without sustained intervention.