Syncope

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness due to global cerebral hypoperfusion. Etiologies include cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal episodes, and neurologic causes. Pathophysiology involves reduced cerebral perfusion leading to transient neuronal dysfunction. Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, ECG, and sometimes tilt-table testing. Management targets underlying cause and supportive interventions; prognosis depends on etiology and recurrence risk.