Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the vertebral arches. Clinical presentations vary from spina bifida occulta to myelomeningocele, often with motor, sensory, and autonomic deficits. Etiology involves multifactorial genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is prenatal via ultrasound or postnatal imaging. Management includes surgical repair, orthopedic support, urological management, and rehabilitation; prognosis depends on lesion severity and associated anomalies.