Sleep Disorder (Neurologic)

Neurologic sleep disorders include conditions such as insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders caused by central nervous system dysfunction. Etiologies may be primary or secondary to neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy, or injury. Pathophysiology involves alterations in brainstem, hypothalamic, or cortical networks regulating sleep-wake cycles. Diagnosis relies on polysomnography, actigraphy, and clinical assessment. Management includes pharmacologic, behavioral, and device-based interventions; prognosis depends on underlying etiology and treatment responsiveness.