Pituitary Apoplexy

Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency caused by hemorrhage or infarction of a pituitary adenoma. Clinical features include sudden headache, visual disturbances, ophthalmoplegia, and hypopituitarism. Pathophysiology involves ischemic or hemorrhagic necrosis of pituitary tissue. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by MRI and endocrine evaluation. Management includes urgent corticosteroids, hemodynamic support, and surgical decompression when indicated; prognosis depends on prompt recognition and treatment.