Motor Neuron Disease

Motor neuron disease (MND) encompasses disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical features include muscle weakness, atrophy, spasticity, and dysarthria. Pathophysiology involves excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation leading to neuronal death. Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, electromyography, and exclusion of mimicking disorders. Management is supportive, including riluzole, respiratory support, and physiotherapy; prognosis is poor, with progressive disability and reduced survival.